Izibhokisi zezinyango zemvelo zinethemba kakhulu kumaqondiso wabafana?

Amaphaneli Esibhakabhaka Esenziwa Ngokuphepha Kwezintombi: Ukuphepha Kwemithombo, Amasertifikethi, Nokukhetha Kwamaphaneli

Lokuzilungisa indlu yomntwana noma indlu yokudlala, izihlangothi zasezinyaweni ziyachoseni ngokufanayo nokuphatha kakhulu. Kodwa emuva kwalezi zinhlobo zezinto, izinkambo ziyadlala izinkambo ezinokuthi zithwelela ukuthi zibuye kubusa ubusha bekhaya nokuhlanya komnwe. Abantwana abancane nabantwana abathile bakhuluma ngokukhulu kakhulu ngokuphelele kwezindawo zabo zokuhlala, futhi bahlala emuva kwezindawo zokuhlala ngeminyaka eyingaphezu kwezinye. Izifundo zisandisa ukuthi izinkambo zokuthwelela kwezinto eziphakathi kwezindawo—kodwa ukuthwelela kwe-formaldehyde kwezinkambo zokubhala nezinkambo zokuthwelela kwezinkambo zokubhala—zisandisa ukuthi kunezinkinga ezingaphezu kwezinye zokuthi kubhekwe isifo se-asthma, amaphutha, nokuhlanya komnwe kubantwana. Ukuchaza izihlangothi zokuhambisana ngokuphelele kuzoba ukuziqonda ukuthi kuyisikhundla sokuthwelela kwezinkambo nokuphatha kakhulu. Loku ke kuyikho okufanele abazali, abazilungisi, nababuyeli bakwazi.

Izinkambo zokuthwelela kwe-VOC ne-formaldehyde kwezihlangothi zokuhambisana eziningi

Ikhwalithi yomoya ongafanele egumbini lezingane ivame ukubangelwa amakhemikhali avuthayo (i-VOCs) akhishwa yizakhiwo. Amapaneli amaningi odonga lwangaphakathi avamileikakhulukazi lawo enziwe nge-fibreboard (MDF) enobuningi obuphakathi noma nge-plywoodasebenzisa i-urea-formaldehyde adhesive, engakhipha igesi iminyaka eminingi. Ukuchayeka kwe-formaldehyde kungabangela ukucasuka kwamehlo, ikhala nomphimbo, futhi ukuchayeka isikhathi eside kungase kube nomthelela ezinkingeni zokuphefumula, ikakhulukazi ezinganeni. Olunye ucwaningo lwathola ukuthi amazinga aphezulu e-formaldehyde emakhaya ayehlotshaniswa nengozi eyengeziwe yezifo zokuphefumula ezisezansi nokukhwehlela ebusuku okwanda ezinganeni.

Izindlela eziphambili ziyakususa lokhu. Amapaneli enziwe nge-wood-plastic composite (WPC) ahlanganisa i-fiber wood ne-polyethylene evuselelekayo futhi akhiqizwa ngaphandle kwe-formaldehyde. Imikhiqizo ehamba phambili iyahlangana Izindinganiso zamazwe omhlaba ze-E0 noma ze-E1 , okusho kuthiwa ukuthi izindlela zokuphuma kwe-formaldehyde ziyisikhala—kanye nezinye zizokhupha i-phthalates ne-bisphenol A (BPA). I-panels zesithili sezinkundla zasebambe isibonelo esihlukile: isithili sabo esisodwa sisebenza ngokuzimisa izinto eziphuma emoyeni futhi sivumela ukuthi ubude bwegazi libe lula, ngakumbi akakhuphi izinto eziningi ezinconywa. Uma uyavumela ipanel yini, khetha ukuthi ubhekele ukuthi kuyabonakala ukuthi izindlela zokuphuma ziyasemthwakweni. Khetha izipanel eziyashicilelwe ukuthi aziphumeleki i-formaldehyde futhi ziyenye yezinto ezingaphansi kwe-VOC, zilandelwe ngokuthi kubonakaliswe ngokuphathelwa kwesibonelo esingcono—akayikho kuphela ukuthi kubhekwe kwezincwadi zokuthenga.

Izinhloso Zokuvumela Okuphambili Zokuvumela Izinkundla Ezinconywa Ngamadoda

Izinhloso zokuvumela zasezinye ziyisibonelo esingcono kakhulu sokuvumela ukuthi izinto zokuchitha ziyisibonelo esingcono kwezindawo zomntwana. Imininingwane eyisithathu ephambili kuleyo yizinkundla zokuvumela zaseGREENGUARD Gold, CARB Phase 2, ne-ASTM F963.

GREENGUARD Gold ukuhlanzwa kwenziwa kubonisa ukugcina kwe-VOC yonke ngemikhombolo eminingi yokuhlanzwa ephakeme ekhaya lokuhlanzwa okuphakeme kakhulu, okuyisibonelo sezindawo ezinomthelela njengezinsizakwesiNtonga nezinsizakwesiNtonga. Kuhlanzwa ngamachemikhali angaphezu kwe-10,000 futhi kuseta izimeli ezinkulu kunezimeli zokuhlanzwa kwendawo yezindawo zokuhlala—kwenza loku ukuthi kuyinto enkulu yokuvimbela ukuthi amasethingi ayisebenza ngokuphelele ngokuphakeme kwezindawo zokuhlala zabaninzi. Amasethingi ongahlanzwa ngalesi sikhundla asiza ukunciphisa ukuphakama kwezindawo zokuhlala futhi ukunciphisa isivumelwano sokuthi abantwana bafanele ukubhekana nesikhundla sokufana nesikhundla.

CARB Phase 2 , esithunywa ngu-California Air Resources Board, sifuna u-formaldehyde kuphela kamasethingi ayo aphakathi kwezintambo zokuphakama. Kuseta isilinganiso sokugcina kusuka ku- 0.05 parts per million kuma-hardwood plywood—kukhupha ngokuphelele isivumelwano sokugcina kwezindawo zokuhlala kuma-MDF, particleboard, nokuthi kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezindawo zokuhlala. Amasethingi okuthi aqhubeka ngalesi sikhundla asibhalwe njenge-“California Phase 2 Compliant” noma “TSCA Title VI Compliant.”

ASTM F963 iyindlela yokhuseleka yezinto zokudlala, kodwa izimfuno zakho zokugcina izinkemikhali nezinkemikhali zisetyenziswa ngokuphelele kubhodi zokubeka emaphakathini nasezindaweni zokudlala. Uma abahleli bakhetha ukuzwela le ndlela ngokuvumelana, bavumela ukungabikho kwe-lead, cadmium, nokuthi kunezinkinga ezingaphezulu kwezinkemikhali zokufihla—kanye nabavumela ukuthi kuyasebenza ngokuphelele kumilingo okuphelele kwezinkinga ezinokufihla. Lokhu kongena kwezidingo zokukhuseleka kakhulu kusukela kubukhona kwezinye izinyathelo zokubuka ngomnwe, okuyizinyathelo ezinokubonakala kubantwana abadala.

Kusobunye, lezi zicertifikethi zibamba isikhuseleko esisheshayo: i-GREENGUARD Gold ne-CARB Phase 2 zivikela ubuhlungu bephakathi lokugcina, futhi i-ASTM F963 ibhekisa ekhuselekeni kwesikhwama sokubuka nokubeka iminye izinyathelo.

Izinkinga zokungasebenzi kwezinyathelo kwezindawo zabantwana

Izindlu zabantwana ziyizikhundla ezinamandla okukhula apho izinkawu zihlambelwa, zikhiphwa, kanye neziqukuthi. Izipaneli kufanele zibe nesibindi sokugcina ukuzweleka nokuzweleka ukuze zisikeleke izinyathelo ezingakwazi ukuvula okanye ukuphatha kwendlela engeyona ngokuphelele. Isipaneli se-PVC esinamandla, umsebenzi wokuhlambela, singazweleka ngokwekuthi—okwenza izinyathelo ezingakwazi ukuvula—ngakho-ke izikompositi eziningi okanye ubamboo obuchazwe ngokuphakeme bengasikhiya isibindi sezinkawu nakho ekupheleni kwemidlalo eyisisekelo. Izihlangothi ezinamandla zisikhiya izihlangothi ezingakwazi ukuvula ozokwenza izinyathelo zokubhukuma kwezihlangothi zokubhukuma kwebantwana abayebhukuma.

Ukubekwa kwezinkawu kuyisisekelo esifanayo. Izipaneli kufanele zibekwe kumkhawu wezinkawu ngokusebenzisa amafastena okukhokhela okanye amaglue amaningi okukhokhela okwenzelwe ukubeka kumkhawu wezinkawu—akukho ukubeka ngokukhokhela okanye amaglue angaphansi kokukhokhela. Ukubekwa kahle kukusikhiya ukubekwa kwesipaneli uma umntwana uvulela okanye uvulela phakathi kwazo, okusikhiya ngokuphelele izinyathelo zokubhukuma okanye izinyathelo zokubhukuma.

Izinyathelo ezingaphansi, ezinokususwa zibeka engozini enkulu yokucwila ezinganeni ezincane ezihlola ngomlomo. Amapaneli ama-modular anezingxenye ezihlanganisiwe, izihlanganisi zokuhlobisa noma imiphetho ehlanganisiwe angahlukaniswa ukuze kube nezingcezu ezincane ngokwanele ukuba zingathelwa. Ukuze unciphise lezi zingozi, khetha izinhlelo ezinokuxhuma okuhlanganisiwe, okungasetshenziswa kabi, nezindwangu ezivuzayo ezivimbela iminwe emincane ukuba ingangeni emagcekeni. Zonke izinhlangothi kufanele zivaliwe ngokuphelele, zingabi nama-furniers ahluzekile noma izingqimba ezihlungiwe. Ezinganeni ezincane nezingafiki esikoleni, gwema amapaneli anezinto ezingasuswa noma izinto zokuqaqa ezingenazo amathuluzi. Kunalokho, khetha imiklamo eyingxenye eyodwa noma izihlanganisi eziqinile ezihlala njalo ezinciphisa izingozi zokufakwa nokushayisana.

Iphrofayili Yokulinganisa Yokuphepha Yezinto Ezithandwayo Zokubopha Udonga

Ukukhetha amapaneli odonga angaphakathi aphephile emakamelweni ezingane kudinga ukuhlola izingozi eziqondene nezinto ezibonakalayo ngokukhishwa kwamakhemikhali, ukuqina ngokomzimba nokufaneleka kwesikhathi eside.

I-MDF (I-Fiberboard Enobuningi Obuphakathi) isebenzisa izinkokhelo zokugqamisa ezenziwe ngokuqondisa ne-formaldehyde ozinakha ukuthi zithumele isilwane se-formaldehyde ngeminyaka; ukubekwa kwamanzi kuyakhulisa ukuthi kuthumelwe isilwane. Kuyatholakala kakhulu ukuthi kushele, kushele kakhulu, nokudenteka, futhi ukuvulwa kwesayizi kungasiza ukuthi kwenzeke ukuthi kubhekene ngezinkokhelo. Akukhulukwa kuzenza izindlu zokufunda noma izindlu zezintombazana ngokuthi kubhekene nezinkokhelo zokuphuma kwezinyawo futhi ngokuthi kubhekene nezinkinga zokubhekana ngezinyawo.

PVC kungathumela i-VOCs futhi izinkokhelo zokufaka (plasticizers) njenge-phthalates. Izifundo zazifound ukuthi izinkokhelo zase-PVC ezinjalo zasekhaya zokufunda ziyatholakala ngezinkinga eziphakeme zokuthi izintombazana zizokwazi ukuthi zibhekene ne-phthalates. Izinkokhelo zase-PVC zingabekwa zinomlando ngokuphela kwezinsuku zokuphela futhi ngokubekwa kwe-UV. Ziyatholakala umonlye uma zisivumelwe ukuthi zibe nge-VOCs engaphezulu (isibonelo, GREENGUARD Gold); sikhumbuze ukukhathazeka izinkokhelo ezinokwenzela ukuthi zihlabe noma zihlabe ngokuphela.

Izindwangu yisilwane esinamandla okuthi sibe nge-emission engaphezulu; izinkokhelo ezinjalo zinokwenzela ukuthi zibe nge-emission ngokuphela—kepha khetha kuphela ezinokuthi zibe nge-adhesives enganayo i-formaldehyde. I-bamboo esinamandla futhi esinamandla kakhulu yisilwane esinamandla kunezinkokhelo zonke, enobuhlungu obuhle kakhulu futhi ebuhlungu kakhulu ngokubekwa kwamanzi. Isilwane esihle kakhulu uma sivumelwe ukuthi sibe nge-formaldehyde enganayo; isayizi esihle, esingasiza ukuthi sibe ngezinkokhelo, esihle kakhulu kuzo zonke izindawo.

I-PET esetshenziswe kabusha i-VOC ephansi ngokwemvelo; ayikho i-formaldehyde noma ama-halogenated flame retardants. Ayishayi futhi ayinyakaziswa, ayinasisindo, ayibunji futhi kulula ukuyihlanza. Ifaneleka kakhulu kubo bonke ubudala ; kuncishiswe ingozi yokulimala lapho kushayisana; indawo engahlanzeka isekela inhlanzeko ezindaweni zokudlala ezingcolile. Amapaneli e-PET acoustic aqinisekisiwe ukuthi akhiphe ama-VOC amancane futhi ahambisana ne-CDPH V1.2.

Iphrofayela yeqiniso yokuphepha kwezingane yephaneli ivela kuphela lapho kukalwa ndawonye ukukhishwa kwamakhemikhali, ukuqina kwemishini nokufakwa okuphephile. Beka phambili ukuqinisekiswa komuntu wesithathufuthi ugweme izinto ezinokuxhuma okwaziwayo okucasulayolapho uklama impilo nokukhula kwezingane.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Yini eyenza isitifiketi se-GREENGUARD Gold sibaluleke kakhulu kumapaneli odonga?
Ukuthiwa kuka-GREENGUARD Gold kubhekisa ukuphuma kwe-VOC zonke ngemiphumela eyinkimbinkimbi, ekuvumelana ukuthi izinto ziyasebenza kumaphakade amahle njengamakhaya okufunda nezindlu zokuhlanza. Kusinika umthombo wokuthi izinto ziyasebenza ngokuphula kwezinto ezincane, futhi kuyisisekelo esihle kubhodla labantwana.

Ngingakwenzeni kanjani ukuthi iphaneli yomkhono iyisibonelo sokungabikho kwe-formaldehyde?
Bheka iziphaneli eziyithiwa njengezilungile kwe-formaldehyde futhi zizokuthiwa ngokuthiwa kuka-CARB Phase 2, okuzokhokha ukuphuma kwe-formaldehyde kumaphepha amahle kwezinto ezikhethwe ku-0.05 ppm. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubiza ukuthola imininingwane eyinkimbinkimbi yokuphuma ephendulwa ngokuphathwa kwezinye izimpahla.

Izifunda zokuphatha kwezinto zokugcina zokubhala zokubhala kubantwana zingakwenzani?
Khetha ukuthi iphaneli ibe nemiphumela yokuqhubeka, izihlangothi ezinhlophe, nezinhlobo zokugcina ezinamandla. Qiniseka ukuthi iphaneli ayikho namanqambu amancane athathwa, izihlangothi ezinamandla, noma izigaphe ezinamandla ukuze ushale isibhakabhaka noma isibhakabhaka.

Iziphaneli zokubhala zokubhala zezihlangothi zinamandla kumakhaya okuhlanza?
Yebo, uma kubhalwe ngokuthi akhuseleki phoformaldehyde, izibhontsi zebamboo ziyakwenzeka zisafule kakhulu kanye nezilungile kakhulu kuzo zonke izindawo. Zinika isikrini esingasiphiwa ngokuphambuka kwezinye izinto futhi ziyisifundo esihle kuzo zonke izindawo.

Kungani izibhontsi zemoduli ziyathakazelisa abantwana abancane?
Izibhontsi zemoduli nezindlela zokugcina ngokujabula noma izinkotho zingasithakelwa, zibeka umphumela wokudla ngokuphambuka kwezinye izinto. Ukukhetha izibhontsi ezizokufixwa kahle kuyasindisa leli mphumela.